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The tundra yukaghirs

One deer was usually harnessed to the sled of the Nizhnekolymsk yukaghirs of Anibe (анибэ). By their design, they are similar to the Koryak-Chukchi’s, but they look rougher. All their parts are firmly connected with each other by means of straps. They also have curved semicircular hooves made of deer horn, to which crossbars are tied along the top of the body, forming a seat. The front ends of the runners, bent by a loop, and the horizontal arc with its curved part are attached to these crossbars.

The base of the arc is attached to the ends of the runners and at the same time has a crossbar. The runners are made of birch, which does not grow in the tundra, but is brought from Omolon. A pair of such runners is exchanged for the skin of one deer [Jochelson, 2005b, p. 513]. The rest of the wooden parts of the sled are made of larch, which grows on the border of the forest. Cargo sleds are wider and rougher than regular sleds, they can have different configurations for transporting household belongings. The simplest and shortest is a sled for poles. She has only two pairs of hooves, and the front part of the runners begins to bend upwards from about the middle.

The general appearance of Yukaghir reindeer sleds and their some differences suggest that either they were borrowed from the Chukchi, or the Chukchi borrowed them from the Yukaghirs. Despite the roughness of the manufacture, they are more durable than those of the Chukchi. In addition, their durability is expressed structurally – by a crossbar and a horizontal arc, and only on passenger sleds. An unexpected difference between the Yukaghir and Chukchi reindeer riding was the pole with which the rider drives the deer. It is very similar to the North Samodian long pole with a bone ring at the end or a blunted fork. (Chukchi and Koryaks use a rod with a bone tip in the form of a beak for this.)

In addition to sleds similar to Chukchi sleds, Yukaghirs have sleds that have no analogue among neighboring peoples. This is a sled used for the poles of the chum. They are similar to the bow of a dugout boat with a flat bottom. Their design includes three side openings: one on the nose itself – for reindeer harness, and two symmetrically on the sides, closer to the rear edge. A rope passes through them, on which the poles of the chum are strung (also equipped with holes at the ends).

Poles are transported by dragging with the help of such a sled, that is, its main task is to collect the front ends of the poles so that they do not interfere with movement [Gurvich, 1963, pp.90-93].

Another type of sled of the same principle, but of purely temporary use, is a sled for meat transportation. To do this, two deer skins were sewn together with the fur outside. Large pieces of venison were simply put into this large bag. The bag was sewn up, straps were sewn to it so that it could slide in the direction of the wool, and a deer was harnessed to it [Kreinovich, 1972, p.86].

N. V. Pluzhnikov (from the book “Peoples of the North-East of Russia) References:

 

 

 

Literature

Гурвич И.С. Этническая история Северо-Востока Сибири //Москва: Наука, 1966

Иохельсон В.И. Материалы по изучению юкагирского языка и фольклора, собранные в Колымском округе. Якутск: Бичик, 2005а.

Иохельсон В.И. Юкагиры и юкагиризированные тунгусы / Пер. с англ. В.Х. Иванова и З.И. Ивановой-Унаровой. Новосибирск: Наука, 2005.

Крейнович Е. А. Из жизни тундренных юкагиров на рубеже XIX и XX вв.//Страны и народы Востока. М., 1972.

Юкагиры. Историко-этнографический очерк / Под ред. А.П. Окладникова.  Новосибирск: Наука, 1975.

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