{"id":2992,"date":"2020-11-28T04:38:21","date_gmt":"2020-11-28T01:38:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arctic-megapedia.com\/?p=2992"},"modified":"2025-03-31T11:13:14","modified_gmt":"2025-03-31T08:13:14","slug":"jetnogenez-kamchadalov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arctic-megapedia.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/11\/28\/jetnogenez-kamchadalov\/","title":{"rendered":"Ethnogenesis of the Kamchadals"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Kamchadals<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

An ethnonym\u00a0kamchadals<\/i>according to the first written sources describing the indigenous population of Kamchatka (S.P. Krasheninnikov, G.V. Steller), refers to the Itelmens and is attributed to the Koryak\u00a0konchala<\/i>. Kamchadals were called \u201csitting foreigners\u201d of two villages north of Tigil and 3 north of Uka.\u00a0After 1800<\/b>\u00a0this name was transferred to the inhabitants of the last two Kuril villages.\u00a0Until the end of the 19th century<\/b>\u00a0in official population records, the descendants of settled aborigines are called Kamchadals, and the descendants of Russian old-timers - Russians. Researchers of the late 19th century (V.G. Bogoraz, V.N. Tyushov, N.V. Slyunin) noted that settled Koryaks called themselves Kamchadals, explaining it by the fact that this was the name given to them by their \u201csuperiors\u201d.\u00a0From the beginning of the 19th century,<\/b>\u00a0the ethnonym Kamchadals also spread to the Russian population of Kamchatka, which showed similarity in appearance, lifestyle and language with the aboriginal population.\u00a0By 1920<\/b>\u00a0Kamchadals were the name of the settled aboriginal population and the descendants of Russian old-timers who mixed with them. According to the All-Soviet Union census\u00a0of 1926,<\/b>there were 3704 Kamchadals in the Kamchatka district. They also included a group of Itelmen, later singled out.<\/p>\n

In 1932,<\/b>\u00a0the area of Kamchadals was divided by the administrative border between the Kamchatka Oblast and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. A part of the Tigil Kamchadals under the name of Itelmen received the official status of \u201cindigenous people\u201d, while the other part, which was outside the national entity, soon lost its self-name and the status of a special ethnic group. In the materials of the census\u00a0of 1939<\/b>\u00a0the ethnonym Kamchadals disappeared from the official list. In the region there was also a group of Penzhinskiye Russians, or\u00a0penzhins<\/i>\u00a0(210 people in 1897). They were Russian-Koryak mestizos who adopted the lifestyle of the Penzhin settled Koryaks. In the 1926 census they were recorded as Russians, but since the 1950s they began to call themselves Kamchadals to emphasize their difference from the Russians of the newest migration wave. Most of them live in the villages of Manily and Kamenskoye.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
A Kamchadal in a winter dress. Kamchadal woman in a simple dress.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

At present,<\/b>\u00a0the descendants of Kamchadals associated with traditional economy live in Sobolevsky, Bolsheretsky, Milkovsky, Kliuchevsky and Ust-Kamchatsky districts of Kamchatka Oblast and Tigilsky and Penzhinsky districts of Koryak Autonomous Okrug. Their number is tentatively 8-10 thousand people. Besides, in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky city and Yelizovsky district several thousand more people, mostly descendants of the last two Russian pre-revolutionary waves of resettlement -\u00a01850 and 1912-1914 - consider themselves Kamchadals.<\/b>\u00a0They are also predominantly engaged in fishing. Establishing the genealogical affiliation of the modern Kamchadal to the indigenous and old-established population of Kamchatka needs to be researched. Since\u00a01989<\/b>\u00a0the descendants of Kamchadals have been appealing to the legislative authorities with a demand to return the status of Kamchadals as an ethnic group of the indigenous population of Kamchatka.<\/p>\n

The group of mestizo population of Kamchatka began to form in\u00a0the middle of the 18th century<\/b>\u00a0and grew as the Russian population of the peninsula increased. By\u00a0the beginning of the 19th century<\/b>\u00a0there were 5 Russian ostrogs (stockaded town) and 2 peasant villages in Kamchatka, and the number of Russians amounted to more than 1.5 thousand people. Women, as a rule, were of aboriginal and mestizo origin.<\/p>\n

The Russian population settled unevenly on the peninsula.\u00a0In the 1740s<\/b>\u00a0it was concentrated mainly on the western coast, in Bolsheretsk ostrog.\u00a0At the beginning of the 19th century,<\/b>\u00a0185 and 69 Russians lived in two Russian settlements Tigil and Bolsheretsk, respectively, on the western coast, while the aboriginal population amounted to about 1200 people. In the Kamchatka river valley in 4 Russian settlements there were 660 Russians and 612 aborigines. On the eastern coast and around Petropavlovsk there were no aboriginal settlements left. In Petropavlovsk and surrounding ostrogi lived 537 Russians. The different ratio of immigrant and aboriginal population in separate areas influenced assimilation and mestizational processes. The Russian colonists of Kamchatka, first Cossacks, then peasants brought to the peninsula to develop farming, industrial people engaged in fur trade, merchants and clergy found themselves in relative isolation from the rest of the Russian world. Russians married Itelmen women, and their children were considered to be of the yasak (taxed) class.<\/p>\n

Russian settlers adopted the aboriginal farming system and way of life. Despite the fact that\u00a0since the 1740s<\/b>\u00a0batches of Siberian peasants from Lena and Ilim, who had already adapted the culture of farming to the harsh Siberian conditions (the colonial administration hoped to provide Kamchatka with its own bread), were sent to Kamchatka, the newly arrived peasants soon abandoned farming and turned to fishing and hunting. Fishing was followed in importance by gathering and horticulture. In summer time the population was in the fishing grounds and the vegetable gardens were not watered, so the yields were not high.\u00a0In the 18th - 1st third of the 20th century<\/b>\u00a0Yakut breeds of cows and horses, well adapted to frost and poor winter diet, spread in Kamchatka. For cows a small amount of hay was stocked for winter, horses foraged themselves in winter by grazing in the forests. A shed was built to keep cows, and snow drifts served as walls in winter. Horses were tethered in summer. Both aborigines and Russian colonists practiced autumn hunting of wild deer and mountain sheep with the use of riding horses. Fur hunting and sea beast hunting were of an auxiliary nature. Dog sledges served as the main mode of land transportation.\u00a0At the end of the 19th century<\/b>\u00a0each Kamchadal household had on average 13-15 dogs, 1 horse and 2 cows.<\/p>\n

The cultural and historical unity of the mestizo population of Kamchatka was expressed in mutual bilingualism: both Russians and aborigines spoke Kamchadal (Itelmen) and Russian. It was formed on the peninsula in the\u00a02nd half of the 18th century<\/b>due to the emergence of a network of parochial schools and joint education of aboriginal and Russian children.\u00a0In 1749<\/b>\u00a0there were 10 schools with more than 200 children. The first teachers were graduates of the Moscow Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. The era of education in Kamchatka ended with the beginning of epidemics and hunger strikes (1769).<\/b>).\u00a0In 1783<\/b>\u00a0there were no schools left in Kamchatka, by 1834 there was 1 spiritual school with 13 pupils and craft school with 8 pupils. During this period \u201cKamchatka dialect\u201d of Russian language appeared. It, as well as bilateral bilingualism, was preserved among the older generation of Kamchatians until recently.<\/p>\n

Source\u02d0 Nordic Encyclopedia. - M.:European editions, 2004. Compiler: E.R. Akbalyan<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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